diff --git a/tests/Makefile b/tests/Makefile
index 64e6785..e2a3bd3 100644
--- a/tests/Makefile
+++ b/tests/Makefile
@@ -215,10 +215,14 @@
 	double-type.json bad-base.json bad-type-bool.json bad-type-int.json \
 	bad-type-dict.json double-data.json unknown-expr-key.json \
 	redefined-type.json redefined-command.json redefined-builtin.json \
-	redefined-event.json command-int.json event-max.json \
+	redefined-event.json command-int.json bad-data.json event-max.json \
 	type-bypass.json type-bypass-no-gen.json type-bypass-bad-gen.json \
-	missing-colon.json missing-comma-list.json \
-	missing-comma-object.json non-objects.json \
+	data-array-empty.json data-array-unknown.json data-int.json \
+	data-unknown.json data-member-unknown.json data-member-array.json \
+	data-member-array-bad.json returns-array-bad.json returns-int.json \
+	returns-unknown.json returns-alternate.json returns-whitelist.json \
+	missing-colon.json missing-comma-list.json missing-comma-object.json \
+	nested-struct-data.json nested-struct-returns.json non-objects.json \
 	qapi-schema-test.json quoted-structural-chars.json \
 	trailing-comma-list.json trailing-comma-object.json \
 	unclosed-list.json unclosed-object.json unclosed-string.json \
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/bad-data.err b/tests/qapi-schema/bad-data.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/bad-data.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/bad-data.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/bad-data.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/bad-data.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/bad-data.json b/tests/qapi-schema/bad-data.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff1616d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/bad-data.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# FIXME: we should ensure 'data' is a dictionary for all but enums
+{ 'command': 'oops', 'data': [ ] }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/bad-data.out b/tests/qapi-schema/bad-data.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67802be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/bad-data.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'oops'), ('data', [])])]
+[]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-empty.err b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-empty.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-empty.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-empty.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-empty.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-empty.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-empty.json b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-empty.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edb543a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-empty.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# FIXME: we should reject an array for data if it does not contain a known type
+{ 'command': 'oops', 'data': { 'empty': [ ] } }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-empty.out b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-empty.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f25c9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-empty.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'oops'), ('data', OrderedDict([('empty', [])]))])]
+[]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-unknown.err b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-unknown.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-unknown.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-unknown.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-unknown.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-unknown.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-unknown.json b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-unknown.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..20cd3c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-unknown.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# FIXME: we should reject an array for data if it does not contain a known type
+{ 'command': 'oops', 'data': { 'array': [ 'NoSuchType' ] } }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-unknown.out b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-unknown.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4314ab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-array-unknown.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'oops'), ('data', OrderedDict([('array', ['NoSuchType'])]))])]
+[]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-int.err b/tests/qapi-schema/data-int.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-int.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-int.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/data-int.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-int.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-int.json b/tests/qapi-schema/data-int.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37916e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-int.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# FIXME: we should reject commands where data is not an array or complex type
+{ 'command': 'oops', 'data': 'int' }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-int.out b/tests/qapi-schema/data-int.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e589a4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-int.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'oops'), ('data', 'int')])]
+[]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array-bad.err b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array-bad.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array-bad.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array-bad.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array-bad.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array-bad.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array-bad.json b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array-bad.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c954af1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array-bad.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# FIXME: we should reject data if it does not contain a valid array type
+{ 'command': 'oops', 'data': { 'member': [ { 'nested': 'str' } ] } }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array-bad.out b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array-bad.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e00c41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array-bad.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'oops'), ('data', OrderedDict([('member', [OrderedDict([('nested', 'str')])])]))])]
+[]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array.err b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array.json b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7cce276
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# valid array members
+{ 'enum': 'abc', 'data': [ 'a', 'b', 'c' ] }
+{ 'type': 'def', 'data': { 'array': [ 'abc' ] } }
+{ 'command': 'okay', 'data': { 'member1': [ 'int' ], 'member2': [ 'def' ] } }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array.out b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8287120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-array.out
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+[OrderedDict([('enum', 'abc'), ('data', ['a', 'b', 'c'])]),
+ OrderedDict([('type', 'def'), ('data', OrderedDict([('array', ['abc'])]))]),
+ OrderedDict([('command', 'okay'), ('data', OrderedDict([('member1', ['int']), ('member2', ['def'])]))])]
+[{'enum_name': 'abc', 'enum_values': ['a', 'b', 'c']}]
+[OrderedDict([('type', 'def'), ('data', OrderedDict([('array', ['abc'])]))])]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-unknown.err b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-unknown.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-unknown.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-unknown.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-unknown.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-unknown.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-unknown.json b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-unknown.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40e6252
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-unknown.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# FIXME: we should reject data if it does not contain a known type
+{ 'command': 'oops', 'data': { 'member': 'NoSuchType' } }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-unknown.out b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-unknown.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36252a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-member-unknown.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'oops'), ('data', OrderedDict([('member', 'NoSuchType')]))])]
+[]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-unknown.err b/tests/qapi-schema/data-unknown.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-unknown.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-unknown.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/data-unknown.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-unknown.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-unknown.json b/tests/qapi-schema/data-unknown.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..776bd34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-unknown.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# FIXME: we should reject data if it does not contain a known type
+{ 'command': 'oops', 'data': 'NoSuchType' }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/data-unknown.out b/tests/qapi-schema/data-unknown.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2c60726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/data-unknown.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'oops'), ('data', 'NoSuchType')])]
+[]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-data.err b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-data.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-data.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-data.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-data.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-data.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-data.json b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-data.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0247c8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-data.json
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# FIXME: inline subtypes collide with our desired future use of defaults
+{ 'command': 'foo',
+  'data': { 'a' : { 'string' : 'str', 'integer': 'int' }, 'b' : 'str' },
+  'returns': {} }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-data.out b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-data.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..999cbb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-data.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'foo'), ('data', OrderedDict([('a', OrderedDict([('string', 'str'), ('integer', 'int')])), ('b', 'str')])), ('returns', OrderedDict())])]
+[]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-returns.err b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-returns.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-returns.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-returns.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-returns.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-returns.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-returns.json b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-returns.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a46840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-returns.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# FIXME: inline subtypes collide with our desired future use of defaults
+{ 'command': 'foo',
+  'returns': { 'a' : { 'string' : 'str', 'integer': 'int' }, 'b' : 'str' } }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-returns.out b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-returns.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c53d23b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/nested-struct-returns.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'foo'), ('returns', OrderedDict([('a', OrderedDict([('string', 'str'), ('integer', 'int')])), ('b', 'str')]))])]
+[]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-alternate.err b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-alternate.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-alternate.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-alternate.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-alternate.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-alternate.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-alternate.json b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-alternate.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b3b91fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-alternate.json
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# FIXME: we should reject returns if it is an alternate type
+{ 'alternate': 'Alt', 'data': { 'a': 'int', 'b': 'str' } }
+{ 'command': 'oops', 'returns': 'Alt' }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-alternate.out b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-alternate.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8a03ed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-alternate.out
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[OrderedDict([('alternate', 'Alt'), ('data', OrderedDict([('a', 'int'), ('b', 'str')]))]),
+ OrderedDict([('command', 'oops'), ('returns', 'Alt')])]
+[{'enum_name': 'AltKind', 'enum_values': None}]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-array-bad.err b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-array-bad.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-array-bad.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-array-bad.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-array-bad.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-array-bad.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-array-bad.json b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-array-bad.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14882c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-array-bad.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# FIXME: we should reject an array return that is not a single type
+{ 'command': 'oops', 'returns': [ 'str', 'str' ] }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-array-bad.out b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-array-bad.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eccad55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-array-bad.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'oops'), ('returns', ['str', 'str'])])]
+[]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-int.err b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-int.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-int.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-int.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-int.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-int.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-int.json b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-int.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7888fb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-int.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# It is okay (although not extensible) to return a non-dictionary
+{ 'command': 'okay', 'returns': 'int' }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-int.out b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-int.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36b00a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-int.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'okay'), ('returns', 'int')])]
+[]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-unknown.err b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-unknown.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-unknown.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-unknown.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-unknown.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-unknown.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-unknown.json b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-unknown.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..61f20eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-unknown.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+# FIXME: we should reject returns if it does not contain a known type
+{ 'command': 'oops', 'returns': 'NoSuchType' }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-unknown.out b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-unknown.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a482c83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-unknown.out
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'oops'), ('returns', 'NoSuchType')])]
+[]
+[]
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-whitelist.err b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-whitelist.err
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-whitelist.err
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-whitelist.exit b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-whitelist.exit
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..573541a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-whitelist.exit
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+0
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-whitelist.json b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-whitelist.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8328563
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-whitelist.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# FIXME: we should enforce that 'returns' be a dict or array of dict unless whitelisted
+{ 'command': 'human-monitor-command',
+  'data': {'command-line': 'str', '*cpu-index': 'int'},
+  'returns': 'str' }
+{ 'enum': 'TpmModel', 'data': [ 'tpm-tis' ] }
+{ 'command': 'query-tpm-models', 'returns': ['TpmModel'] }
+{ 'command': 'guest-get-time',
+  'returns': 'int' }
+
+{ 'command': 'no-way-this-will-get-whitelisted',
+  'returns': [ 'int' ] }
diff --git a/tests/qapi-schema/returns-whitelist.out b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-whitelist.out
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2adcd8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/qapi-schema/returns-whitelist.out
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+[OrderedDict([('command', 'human-monitor-command'), ('data', OrderedDict([('command-line', 'str'), ('*cpu-index', 'int')])), ('returns', 'str')]),
+ OrderedDict([('enum', 'TpmModel'), ('data', ['tpm-tis'])]),
+ OrderedDict([('command', 'query-tpm-models'), ('returns', ['TpmModel'])]),
+ OrderedDict([('command', 'guest-get-time'), ('returns', 'int')]),
+ OrderedDict([('command', 'no-way-this-will-get-whitelisted'), ('returns', ['int'])])]
+[{'enum_name': 'TpmModel', 'enum_values': ['tpm-tis']}]
+[]