diff --git a/audio/audio.c b/audio/audio.c
index 84d9ae6..72a18ec 100644
--- a/audio/audio.c
+++ b/audio/audio.c
@@ -707,11 +707,11 @@
 }
 
 static CaptureVoiceOut *audio_pcm_capture_find_specific (
-    AudioState *s,
     struct audsettings *as
     )
 {
     CaptureVoiceOut *cap;
+    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
 
     for (cap = s->cap_head.lh_first; cap; cap = cap->entries.le_next) {
         if (audio_pcm_info_eq (&cap->hw.info, as)) {
@@ -786,8 +786,9 @@
     }
 }
 
-static int audio_attach_capture (AudioState *s, HWVoiceOut *hw)
+static int audio_attach_capture (HWVoiceOut *hw)
 {
+    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
     CaptureVoiceOut *cap;
 
     audio_detach_capture (hw);
@@ -1295,7 +1296,7 @@
     HWVoiceOut *hw = NULL;
     SWVoiceOut *sw;
 
-    while ((hw = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out (s, hw))) {
+    while ((hw = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out (hw))) {
         int played;
         int live, free, nb_live, cleanup_required, prev_rpos;
 
@@ -1390,7 +1391,7 @@
 #ifdef DEBUG_PLIVE
                     dolog ("Finishing with old voice\n");
 #endif
-                    audio_close_out (s, sw);
+                    audio_close_out (sw);
                 }
                 sw = sw1;
             }
@@ -1402,7 +1403,7 @@
 {
     HWVoiceIn *hw = NULL;
 
-    while ((hw = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in (s, hw))) {
+    while ((hw = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in (hw))) {
         SWVoiceIn *sw;
         int captured, min;
 
@@ -1610,8 +1611,8 @@
     s->drv_opaque = drv->init ();
 
     if (s->drv_opaque) {
-        audio_init_nb_voices_out (s, drv);
-        audio_init_nb_voices_in (s, drv);
+        audio_init_nb_voices_out (drv);
+        audio_init_nb_voices_in (drv);
         s->drv = drv;
         return 0;
     }
@@ -1630,11 +1631,11 @@
     int op = running ? VOICE_ENABLE : VOICE_DISABLE;
 
     s->vm_running = running;
-    while ((hwo = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out (s, hwo))) {
+    while ((hwo = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out (hwo))) {
         hwo->pcm_ops->ctl_out (hwo, op);
     }
 
-    while ((hwi = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in (s, hwi))) {
+    while ((hwi = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in (hwi))) {
         hwi->pcm_ops->ctl_in (hwi, op);
     }
 }
@@ -1645,7 +1646,7 @@
     HWVoiceOut *hwo = NULL;
     HWVoiceIn *hwi = NULL;
 
-    while ((hwo = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out (s, hwo))) {
+    while ((hwo = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_out (hwo))) {
         SWVoiceCap *sc;
 
         hwo->pcm_ops->ctl_out (hwo, VOICE_DISABLE);
@@ -1661,7 +1662,7 @@
         }
     }
 
-    while ((hwi = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in (s, hwi))) {
+    while ((hwi = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_in (hwi))) {
         hwi->pcm_ops->ctl_in (hwi, VOICE_DISABLE);
         hwi->pcm_ops->fini_in (hwi);
     }
@@ -1689,22 +1690,7 @@
     return 0;
 }
 
-void AUD_register_card (AudioState *s, const char *name, QEMUSoundCard *card)
-{
-    card->audio = s;
-    card->name = qemu_strdup (name);
-    memset (&card->entries, 0, sizeof (card->entries));
-    LIST_INSERT_HEAD (&s->card_head, card, entries);
-}
-
-void AUD_remove_card (QEMUSoundCard *card)
-{
-    LIST_REMOVE (card, entries);
-    card->audio = NULL;
-    qemu_free (card->name);
-}
-
-AudioState *AUD_init (void)
+static void audio_init (void)
 {
     size_t i;
     int done = 0;
@@ -1712,7 +1698,7 @@
     AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
 
     if (s->drv) {
-        return s;
+        return;
     }
 
     LIST_INIT (&s->hw_head_out);
@@ -1804,24 +1790,33 @@
     LIST_INIT (&s->card_head);
     register_savevm ("audio", 0, 1, audio_save, audio_load, s);
     qemu_mod_timer (s->ts, qemu_get_clock (vm_clock) + conf.period.ticks);
-    return s;
 }
 
+void AUD_register_card (const char *name, QEMUSoundCard *card)
+{
+    audio_init ();
+    card->name = qemu_strdup (name);
+    memset (&card->entries, 0, sizeof (card->entries));
+    LIST_INSERT_HEAD (&glob_audio_state.card_head, card, entries);
+}
+
+void AUD_remove_card (QEMUSoundCard *card)
+{
+    LIST_REMOVE (card, entries);
+    qemu_free (card->name);
+}
+
+
 CaptureVoiceOut *AUD_add_capture (
-    AudioState *s,
     struct audsettings *as,
     struct audio_capture_ops *ops,
     void *cb_opaque
     )
 {
+    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
     CaptureVoiceOut *cap;
     struct capture_callback *cb;
 
-    if (!s) {
-        /* XXX suppress */
-        s = &glob_audio_state;
-    }
-
     if (audio_validate_settings (as)) {
         dolog ("Invalid settings were passed when trying to add capture\n");
         audio_print_settings (as);
@@ -1837,7 +1832,7 @@
     cb->ops = *ops;
     cb->opaque = cb_opaque;
 
-    cap = audio_pcm_capture_find_specific (s, as);
+    cap = audio_pcm_capture_find_specific (as);
     if (cap) {
         LIST_INSERT_HEAD (&cap->cb_head, cb, entries);
         return cap;
@@ -1887,8 +1882,8 @@
         LIST_INSERT_HEAD (&cap->cb_head, cb, entries);
 
         hw = NULL;
-        while ((hw = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_out (s, hw))) {
-            audio_attach_capture (s, hw);
+        while ((hw = audio_pcm_hw_find_any_out (hw))) {
+            audio_attach_capture (hw);
         }
         return cap;
 
diff --git a/audio/audio.h b/audio/audio.h
index 4aaeb96..3fb2c8b 100644
--- a/audio/audio.h
+++ b/audio/audio.h
@@ -78,7 +78,6 @@
 typedef struct SWVoiceIn SWVoiceIn;
 
 typedef struct QEMUSoundCard {
-    AudioState *audio;
     char *name;
     LIST_ENTRY (QEMUSoundCard) entries;
 } QEMUSoundCard;
@@ -94,12 +93,10 @@
 #endif
     ;
 
-AudioState *AUD_init (void);
 void AUD_help (void);
-void AUD_register_card (AudioState *s, const char *name, QEMUSoundCard *card);
+void AUD_register_card (const char *name, QEMUSoundCard *card);
 void AUD_remove_card (QEMUSoundCard *card);
 CaptureVoiceOut *AUD_add_capture (
-    AudioState *s,
     struct audsettings *as,
     struct audio_capture_ops *ops,
     void *opaque
diff --git a/audio/audio_int.h b/audio/audio_int.h
index fc87458..0abed38 100644
--- a/audio/audio_int.h
+++ b/audio/audio_int.h
@@ -104,6 +104,7 @@
 } HWVoiceIn;
 
 struct SWVoiceOut {
+    QEMUSoundCard *card;
     struct audio_pcm_info info;
     t_sample *conv;
     int64_t ratio;
@@ -120,6 +121,7 @@
 };
 
 struct SWVoiceIn {
+    QEMUSoundCard *card;
     int active;
     struct audio_pcm_info info;
     int64_t ratio;
diff --git a/audio/audio_template.h b/audio/audio_template.h
index 369ed3b..0ffca65 100644
--- a/audio/audio_template.h
+++ b/audio/audio_template.h
@@ -36,11 +36,9 @@
 #define HWBUF hw->conv_buf
 #endif
 
-static void glue (audio_init_nb_voices_, TYPE) (
-    AudioState *s,
-    struct audio_driver *drv
-    )
+static void glue (audio_init_nb_voices_, TYPE) (struct audio_driver *drv)
 {
+    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
     int max_voices = glue (drv->max_voices_, TYPE);
     int voice_size = glue (drv->voice_size_, TYPE);
 
@@ -194,8 +192,9 @@
     LIST_REMOVE (sw, entries);
 }
 
-static void glue (audio_pcm_hw_gc_, TYPE) (AudioState *s, HW **hwp)
+static void glue (audio_pcm_hw_gc_, TYPE) (HW **hwp)
 {
+    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
     HW *hw = *hwp;
 
     if (!hw->sw_head.lh_first) {
@@ -211,14 +210,15 @@
     }
 }
 
-static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE) (AudioState *s, HW *hw)
+static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE) (HW *hw)
 {
-    return hw ? hw->entries.le_next : s->glue (hw_head_, TYPE).lh_first;
+    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
+    return hw ? hw->entries.le_next : glue (s->hw_head_, TYPE).lh_first;
 }
 
-static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_, TYPE) (AudioState *s, HW *hw)
+static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_enabled_, TYPE) (HW *hw)
 {
-    while ((hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE) (s, hw))) {
+    while ((hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE) (hw))) {
         if (hw->enabled) {
             return hw;
         }
@@ -227,12 +227,11 @@
 }
 
 static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_specific_, TYPE) (
-    AudioState *s,
     HW *hw,
     struct audsettings *as
     )
 {
-    while ((hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE) (s, hw))) {
+    while ((hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE) (hw))) {
         if (audio_pcm_info_eq (&hw->info, as)) {
             return hw;
         }
@@ -240,10 +239,10 @@
     return NULL;
 }
 
-static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE) (AudioState *s,
-                                               struct audsettings *as)
+static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE) (struct audsettings *as)
 {
     HW *hw;
+    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
     struct audio_driver *drv = s->drv;
 
     if (!glue (s->nb_hw_voices_, TYPE)) {
@@ -298,7 +297,7 @@
     LIST_INSERT_HEAD (&s->glue (hw_head_, TYPE), hw, entries);
     glue (s->nb_hw_voices_, TYPE) -= 1;
 #ifdef DAC
-    audio_attach_capture (s, hw);
+    audio_attach_capture (hw);
 #endif
     return hw;
 
@@ -309,33 +308,31 @@
     return NULL;
 }
 
-static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_, TYPE) (AudioState *s,
-                                           struct audsettings *as)
+static HW *glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_, TYPE) (struct audsettings *as)
 {
     HW *hw;
 
     if (glue (conf.fixed_, TYPE).enabled && glue (conf.fixed_, TYPE).greedy) {
-        hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE) (s, as);
+        hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE) (as);
         if (hw) {
             return hw;
         }
     }
 
-    hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_specific_, TYPE) (s, NULL, as);
+    hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_specific_, TYPE) (NULL, as);
     if (hw) {
         return hw;
     }
 
-    hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE) (s, as);
+    hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_new_, TYPE) (as);
     if (hw) {
         return hw;
     }
 
-    return glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE) (s, NULL);
+    return glue (audio_pcm_hw_find_any_, TYPE) (NULL);
 }
 
 static SW *glue (audio_pcm_create_voice_pair_, TYPE) (
-    AudioState *s,
     const char *sw_name,
     struct audsettings *as
     )
@@ -358,7 +355,7 @@
         goto err1;
     }
 
-    hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_, TYPE) (s, &hw_as);
+    hw = glue (audio_pcm_hw_add_, TYPE) (&hw_as);
     if (!hw) {
         goto err2;
     }
@@ -373,31 +370,30 @@
 
 err3:
     glue (audio_pcm_hw_del_sw_, TYPE) (sw);
-    glue (audio_pcm_hw_gc_, TYPE) (s, &hw);
+    glue (audio_pcm_hw_gc_, TYPE) (&hw);
 err2:
     qemu_free (sw);
 err1:
     return NULL;
 }
 
-static void glue (audio_close_, TYPE) (AudioState *s, SW *sw)
+static void glue (audio_close_, TYPE) (SW *sw)
 {
     glue (audio_pcm_sw_fini_, TYPE) (sw);
     glue (audio_pcm_hw_del_sw_, TYPE) (sw);
-    glue (audio_pcm_hw_gc_, TYPE) (s, &sw->hw);
+    glue (audio_pcm_hw_gc_, TYPE) (&sw->hw);
     qemu_free (sw);
 }
 
 void glue (AUD_close_, TYPE) (QEMUSoundCard *card, SW *sw)
 {
     if (sw) {
-        if (audio_bug (AUDIO_FUNC, !card || !card->audio)) {
-            dolog ("card=%p card->audio=%p\n",
-                   card, card ? card->audio : NULL);
+        if (audio_bug (AUDIO_FUNC, !card)) {
+            dolog ("card=%p\n", card);
             return;
         }
 
-        glue (audio_close_, TYPE) (card->audio, sw);
+        glue (audio_close_, TYPE) (sw);
     }
 }
 
@@ -410,7 +406,7 @@
     struct audsettings *as
     )
 {
-    AudioState *s;
+    AudioState *s = &glob_audio_state;
 #ifdef DAC
     int live = 0;
     SW *old_sw = NULL;
@@ -419,15 +415,12 @@
     ldebug ("open %s, freq %d, nchannels %d, fmt %d\n",
             name, as->freq, as->nchannels, as->fmt);
 
-    if (audio_bug (AUDIO_FUNC,
-                   !card || !card->audio || !name || !callback_fn || !as)) {
-        dolog ("card=%p card->audio=%p name=%p callback_fn=%p as=%p\n",
-               card, card ? card->audio : NULL, name, callback_fn, as);
+    if (audio_bug (AUDIO_FUNC, !card || !name || !callback_fn || !as)) {
+        dolog ("card=%p name=%p callback_fn=%p as=%p\n",
+               card, name, callback_fn, as);
         goto fail;
     }
 
-    s = card->audio;
-
     if (audio_bug (AUDIO_FUNC, audio_validate_settings (as))) {
         audio_print_settings (as);
         goto fail;
@@ -485,7 +478,7 @@
         }
     }
     else {
-        sw = glue (audio_pcm_create_voice_pair_, TYPE) (s, name, as);
+        sw = glue (audio_pcm_create_voice_pair_, TYPE) (name, as);
         if (!sw) {
             dolog ("Failed to create voice `%s'\n", name);
             return NULL;
@@ -493,6 +486,7 @@
     }
 
     if (sw) {
+        sw->card = card;
         sw->vol = nominal_volume;
         sw->callback.fn = callback_fn;
         sw->callback.opaque = callback_opaque;
diff --git a/audio/wavcapture.c b/audio/wavcapture.c
index bead458..1f49cd1 100644
--- a/audio/wavcapture.c
+++ b/audio/wavcapture.c
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
 
     qemu_put_buffer (wav->f, hdr, sizeof (hdr));
 
-    cap = AUD_add_capture (NULL, &as, &ops, wav);
+    cap = AUD_add_capture (&as, &ops, wav);
     if (!cap) {
         monitor_printf(mon, "Failed to add audio capture\n");
         qemu_free (wav->path);